The Type 86 is a Chinese infantry fighting vehicle based on the Soviet BMP-1 design. It entered service in the early 1990s and has since been developed into multiple variants, including versions with a 73 mm gun, 30 mm autocannon, and anti-tank missile capabilities. It serves as a key component of China’s mechanized infantry forces, reflecting both adaptation and modernization of Soviet military technology.
This vehicle combines mobility, firepower, and protection for infantry units on the battlefield. Over time, the Type 86 has been upgraded with improved armament and turret designs, such as the ZBD-86A variant, which features enhanced firepower and missile systems. The Type 86’s design and deployment showcase China’s efforts to create an effective, versatile fighting vehicle that meets modern combat requirements.
Understanding Type 86
Type 86 is a customs entry process designed for low-value shipments to streamline import procedures. It simplifies clearance for goods valued under a specific threshold and includes specific filing and regulatory requirements. The following details cover its origin, main features, and variations.
Historical Background
Type 86 was introduced by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in September 2019. It was created as an enhancement to the Section 321 provision, which allows shipments valued under $800 to enter duty-free. The goal was to improve processing speed and efficiency for eCommerce and other low-value imports.
Before Type 86, importers used less standardized methods, which slowed customs clearance. Type 86 provides a dedicated entry type within the Automated Commercial Environment (ACE) platform, requiring filings prior to or upon arrival. This change reduces processing delays and improves tracking of low-value shipments.
Key Specifications
Type 86 applies only to shipments with a total value of $800 or less per day. It is voluntary but widely adopted for its efficiency benefits. Shipments must be entered through ACE, with documentation submitted electronically prior to arrival.
It supports de minimis entries, meaning no duties or taxes are generally assessed. However, imports must still comply with all applicable regulations, including partner government agency (PGA) data requirements. The process allows for high-volume, low-value transactions, especially beneficial for eCommerce businesses.
The entry must be filed correctly to avoid penalties or shipment delays. Importers benefit from faster customs clearance and reduced administrative burden under this classification.
Notable Variants
Type 86 is sometimes called the “De Minimis Entry” or “Section 321 Entry,” reflecting its basis in Section 321 of the Tariff Act. While the core concept remains consistent, enforcement and procedural details can vary by port or agency.
Some updates have refined requirements, such as mandatory electronic filing and data submission standards, to enhance compliance and reporting accuracy. These iterations focus on better integrating Type 86 entries with partner government agencies to capture all necessary data.
Though classified under a single type, variants exist in handling depending on shipment origin, type of goods, and specific PGA rules. Importers should stay current on procedural changes affecting Type 86 to maintain compliance.
Applications and Impact
The Type 86 designation applies to various military systems and technologies with significant roles in defense and industry. These systems have influenced weapon design, radar technology, and manufacturing processes domestically and abroad.
Military and Industrial Uses
The Type 86 includes key military hardware such as the 100mm towed anti-tank gun and infantry fighting vehicles. The anti-tank gun, developed in the late 1980s, offers high-pressure smoothbore technology and can penetrate main battle tank armor at long range. This makes it a valuable asset for infantry support and defense against armored threats.
In industry, the Type 86 platform has contributed to manufacturing techniques for precision artillery and armored vehicles. Its robust carriage and recoil mechanisms inspire designs in similar artillery systems. The diverse applications reflect an integration of tried Soviet designs modified for Chinese military doctrine.
Technological Advancements
Type 86 technology spans beyond weapons and includes radar systems and firearms. The Type 86 radar, operating in the X-Band, provides continuous wave target illumination crucial for guiding semi-active missiles. It enhanced missile guidance capabilities during its period of deployment with mobile air defense systems.
Firearm development under the Type 86 label offers improved assault rifles and light machine guns based on established platforms. Advances focus on durability and reliability in varied combat environments. These improvements contribute to evolving small arms performance and battlefield adaptability.
International Influence
Type 86 systems have impacted military developments in multiple countries. The Chinese reverse-engineered BMP-1, designated Type 86 infantry fighting vehicle, has been exported and adapted by various armed forces, shaping regional armored warfare strategies.
Radar and artillery technologies under the Type 86 series have seen widespread adoption or adaptation in allied nations. These systems facilitate interoperability and technology exchange in defense sectors, influencing procurement decisions and tactical doctrines beyond China’s borders.
| Application Area | Example | Impact |
| Anti-tank artillery | 100mm Type 86 towed gun | Countering armored threats |
| Armored personnel | Type 86 Infantry Fighting Vehicle | Enhancing mechanized infantry mobility |
| Radar guidance | AMES Type 86 X-Band radar | Improved missile targeting |
| Small arms | Type 86 assault rifles | Reliable infantry weapons |